| Echoing the Wright Brothers' technology-transfer of | | | | instance, moved forward and aft to actuate the |
| the bicycle to the heavier-than-air aeroplane, Rene | | | | hinged, fabric-covered elevators for pitch control, while |
| Hanriot, hitherto a Darracq racing car driver, climbed | | | | the left side stick, movable in a sideways direction, |
| the engineering ladder from the ground-based motor | | | | activated the wing-warping mechanism for in-flight |
| car to the airborne flying machine by designing his first, | | | | banking, or lateral axis control. The coupe atop it, |
| albeit frail, single-seat monoplane in 1907 after a | | | | informally known as a "blip switch," provided engine |
| one-year delivery delay of his originally ordered | | | | control, usually replacing the left-located throttle, since a |
| Antoinette, and subsequently displayed it at the Salon | | | | hand was seldom free to operate it. |
| de l'Aeronautique in 1909. | | | | Fuel, stored in the cylindrical, metal tank, directly behind, |
| The aircraft, powered by a single, 50-hp Buchet engine, | | | | and on the same level as, the engine, often required |
| featured an open framework fuselage mated to two | | | | pressure to ensure continued flow, initiated by the |
| rectangular wings whose span stretched to 31.2 feet, | | | | squeezable rubber ball mounted on top of the right, |
| thus mimicking the monoplane configuration of his | | | | pitch-control stick. |
| intended purchase and the later, world-renowned | | | | The scalloped rudder, ensuring yaw-axis stability, was |
| Bleriot XI, both of his native France. | | | | moved by means of a foot-depressed bar. |
| Hanriot's inadequate experience and capability, | | | | Several, ground-attendant facilitated propeller turns, |
| remedially eliciting the aid of Eugene Ruchonnet, Leon | | | | coupled with right stick-topped, rubber bulb initiated fuel |
| Levasasseur's engineer, resulted in a secondary | | | | pressure build-up and an opened throttle, resulted in |
| technology-transfer, from boat-building to aerial design, | | | | ignition, its proper functioning verified by blip switch |
| the result of which required its "hull" to substitute | | | | testing. |
| aerodynamics for fluid dynamics. Something new, | | | | Initial taxi and direction were usually aided by the |
| indeed, often relied on the foundation of something old, | | | | ground crew, who lifted the tail from the grass, but a |
| particularly during the nascent period of aviation. | | | | significant power application, bathing the vertical and |
| Subsequent designs, developments of the first | | | | horizontal tail surfaces in propeller-generated |
| constructed at his Rheims workshop, had included the | | | | slipstream, often enabled them to become effective. |
| 20-hp, Darracq-engined Libellule and a larger derivative | | | | Final aerodynamic surface testing and take off |
| powered by a 40-hp Gype, both of which had enabled | | | | acceleration required hand and foot control, the left |
| him to establish a flying school in Betheney in 1910. | | | | stick actuating the wing-warping, the right the |
| Instrumental in these aircraft had been Louis Wagner | | | | elevator-pitch deflection, and the feet the rudder-yaw |
| who, like Hanriot himself, had risen from the ground up | | | | axis. Infused with life with a full, forward throttle, the |
| as a racing car driver, and Marcel Hanriot, Hanriot's son, | | | | monoplane required an equally forward stick |
| who, at the age of 15, had become the world's | | | | depression to allow the increasing airspeed to act on |
| youngest pilot. | | | | the horizontal tail and aerodynamically leverage it off |
| Although Hanriot's first airframe had sustained damage | | | | the ground in a forward rotation maneuver, the |
| during landing, it had nevertheless provided the | | | | aircraft's aft-half now "flying," as if it were a |
| foundation for a smaller, but similar monoplane which | | | | mini-airplane unto itself, with wind-direction caused yaw |
| had sported a simple, elegant, aerodynamically-clean | | | | deviations corrected with rudder deflections. |
| configuration when it had appeared in July of 1910 and | | | | With the left hand gripping the wing-warping actuator, |
| it had embodied features of the transportation modes | | | | the pilot was ready for the transition to air-surrendering |
| from which it had been developed. | | | | flight the moment the still-spinning wheels were |
| Constructed of ash, spruce, and steel tubes, the | | | | disconnected from the cradling blades of grass-or that |
| aircraft had a mahogany ply-covered, inverted, | | | | instant that the lift-generating wings triumphed over |
| A-frame, racing skiff-like fuselage which appeared as | | | | gravity and separated them from the earthly plane. |
| if it could equally slice through waves as well as air. | | | | The pilot, now a quad-limb extension of a tri-axis aerial |
| The light, but strong structure eliminated the need for | | | | body, applied positive control during initial climb-out. |
| the number and complexity of bracing wires | | | | Although there were no incremental throttle settings |
| traditionally required by box frame or girder build-up | | | | and the aircraft therefore flew at full, continuous |
| assembly. | | | | power, its original, 35-hp engine had been inadequate to |
| Cambered, rounded-tip wings, formed by two | | | | exert other than a sluggish, wing-warping created |
| laminated spars and multiple ribs and covered with | | | | banking response. |
| unbleached cotton fabric, were steel tape lashed to | | | | Descent, induced by a combination of blip switch |
| the fuselage and hinged, like those of the Wright Flyer | | | | power interruptions and backward-stick, downward |
| and the Bleriot XI, to induce in-flight banking by means | | | | pitch, enabled the Hanriot to return to the ground, a |
| of wing-warping. The 30.5-foot span and seven-foot | | | | maneuver requiring a balance between power and |
| chord resulted in a 183 square foot area. | | | | gravity. Resettling on to the grass with a final engine |
| The large, triangular-shaped, fixed horizontal tail, | | | | cut, it was both cushioned and resisted by it, |
| measuring 9.3 feet long by eight feet wide and equally | | | | decelerating as diminished airflow over the horizontal |
| covered with unbleached cotton, extended to two | | | | tail returned the tailskid earthward. |
| separate, longitudinal-controlling elevators, which | | | | The Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome example, a |
| sandwiched the rudder, while the fixed surface had | | | | reproduction constructed by Cole Palen, Mike Lockhart, |
| been tightly stretched with the aid of two transverse | | | | and Andy Keefe with the aid of drawings published in |
| spars and sported both unmovable, dorsal and ventral, | | | | Flight during the winter of 1974 in Florida, had originally |
| triangular-shaped projections to increase stability. | | | | been powered by a 1910, two-cycle, water-cooled |
| The laced fabric, scalloped, vertical tail, hinged to | | | | Elbridge Featherweight engine, but it had later been |
| provide control about the yaw axis, appeared like a | | | | retrofitted with a more capable, water-cooled, 50-hp |
| boat's sail. | | | | Franklin after it had sustained connecting rod damage. |
| Power was provided by a 35-hp, eight-cylinder, | | | | Because of its lower weight, it often resulted in a |
| water-cooled, V-type, E.N.V. engine, mounted on, and | | | | nose-high pitch which had to be elevator-counteracted |
| partially supported by, the A-frame struts, its two rows | | | | during flight, although its increased horsepower |
| of cylinders set at 45-degree angles to the vertical | | | | produced more sprightly performance than the original |
| and sharing a common crankshaft, and it drove a | | | | engined-version had offered. |
| single-bladed, mahogany propeller. The type also flew | | | | The aircraft, initially demonstrating stability problems, |
| with a Clerget engine. | | | | was subsequently modified and first performed in the |
| The Hanriot Monoplane rested on twin wheels and a | | | | 1976 Hammondsport Air Show. Demonstrating its |
| tailskid. | | | | handling characteristics much further afield, it partook, |
| With a 27-foot, 3/4-inch airframe and a seven-foot, 5 | | | | along with the Curtiss Model D and the Sopwith Camel, |
| 8-inch height, the pioneer aircraft had a 500-pound | | | | of the 2003 Australian International Air Show in |
| gross weight. | | | | Geelong, flying circuits round Avalon Airport's |
| The shallow cockpit, almost resembling a canoe-like | | | | 11,000-foot runway. Like the other Old Rhinebeck |
| dugout which virtually placed the pilot on the "deck" of | | | | pioneer designs, including the Curtiss Model D itself and |
| the racing skiff airframe, featured little more than | | | | the Bleriot XI, it is relegated to short hops from the |
| engine and axis-control levers. The right side stick, for | | | | grass field during Saturday, "History of Flight" air shows. |